Long and Foster Listing
The experimental method is the primary approach psychologists use to determine the causes of behavior. In a simple experiment, participants are randomly assigned to two groups that are treated differently in only one respect the independent variable. If their behavior then differs by groups, the difference can be attributed to the independent variable. But research is not always this straightforward. Sometimes the difference in behavior can be explained by something other than the independent variable.
Below are descriptions of a few hypothetical experiments and conclusions.
If it is possible please can you write as much as you can 
Discuss of each pointing out the inadequacies of the experiment for drawing the stated conclusions. Try to suggest factors other than the one mentioned that might have produced the results. Also note any ethical problems that might have arisen.
a) Back in the days of “traditional” childbirth, U.S. mothers were allowed only minimal contact with their newborns during the first several hours after birth. To assess whether mothers might be missing something important, researchers arranged for one group to have the traditional minimal contact and another to have several extra hours of contact with their babies. A year later, the “extended contact” mothers were noticeably more emotionally attached to their infants than were mothers in the “traditional” group. The researchers concluded that the first several hours after birth are a highly important period for Fostering mother-to-child emotional attachment.
b) To test the effects of marijuana on memory, some participants were asked to smoke one marijuana cigarette before memorizing a list of words; other participants instead were asked to smoke one tobacco cigarette. The marijuana group did poorly on the task compared to the tobacco group, and the researcher concluded that marijuana impairs memory.
c) It has been found that children who play violent video and computer games are more aggressive in their play with other children than are children who do not play these games. Therefore, playing violent games makes children more aggressive toward others.
d) An editor of a popular U.S. men’s magazine published the results of a readers’ survey indicating that by far the majority of men “cheat” on their spouses or partners on more than one occasion, and the Longer the two are together, the more likely cheating becomes. The editor concluded that men in general are biologically incapable of being faithful and that the few exceptions in the survey “prove the rule.
Thank you!